From: PHRED-SE on
After I was unable to get this to work no matter what I tried, I made a trouble
call to Adobe in early February. After working with them for over two months,
they finally determined that the reason the Chinese characters would not appear
in the PDF file was because I had two True Type Collection files (SimSun.ttc
and MingLiu.ttc) installed on my server. iText can not work with ttc fonts. I
removed these two files, which turned out to be no easy job, and the Chinese
characters now appear in the PDF file.

We?re not completely home free, however. The embedded fonts, whatever they
are, must be bitmaps because the size of the file increased 3000%; i.e., approx
500k to 15 mbytes. This sort of defeats the whole purpose of having the PDF
file since my customer?s email system prevents them from sending/receiving
files larger than 5 mbytes!!!

If I turn off the <cfdocument>?s embedded feature, then there is just a long
series of black dots where the characters should be. I?m waiting for Adobe to
get back to me with the name of the font that iText embeds in the PDF document.
I?m hoping that this font is something I don?t have on my client PC and that
adding it to my client PC will replace the black dots with the proper Chinese
characters. This seems unlikely since I have 260 font files on the client PC.
But one can always hope that things will all turn out well in the end.

The ttc issue would apply to any language that you are trying to embed in a
PDF document. There were seven ttc font files on my server so if you are
having this problem with another language, determine what font file is being
used and see if it is a ttc font.